Vocab. no. 3

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🍯Bill of Attainder:  

This is deemed unconstitutional because it is a legislative act that declares someone guilty without a trail 

🍯Block grant: 

A type of grant that has fewer restrictions from the federal government. It gives the recipients more room to spend the grant 

🍯Categorical grant:

A grant In which there is strict administrative criterion given by the federal government to the recipients to limit the discretion of use 

🍯Concurrent powers: 

Share of state and federal powers in ranges like taxing, borrowing, and making and enforcing laws to establish court systems 

🍯Cooperative Federalism: 

A type of federalism where levels of government coordinate their actions to solve problems. It leads to the blending of the separate powers of state and federal government. 

🍯Creeping Categorization: 

a process where the national government attaches new administrative requirements to block grants with new categorical grants

🍯Devolution: 

a process in which the powers from the central government in a unitary system are delegated to subnational units 

🍯Dual Federalism: 

A type of federalism in which the state and the federal government use power based on their jurisdiction 

🍯Elastic Clause: 

Located in the last clause of Article 1, Section 8 where it enables the national government to make laws that shall be needed and proper in carrying its responsibilities

🍯Ex Post Facto Law: 

A law that punishes a person who committed the crime before it was illegalize 

🍯Federalism: 

Creates levels of government (mainly two) in which they possess the ability to act directly on the people with authority granted by the constitution 

🍯Fall Faith and Credit Clause: 

Article 4, Section 1, of the Consitution, says the states are required to accept court decisions, public acts, and contracts of other states 

🍯General Revenue Sharing: 

A type of federal grant that does not have many restrictions on how state and local governments spend the money 

🍯New Federalism: 

A type of federalism that decentralized the governments from each other because it was believed that it enhances administrative efficiency, reduces overall public spending, and improves outcomes 

🍯Nullification: 

A doctrine that said if states state deem a federal law unconstitutional, it can nullify it within its borders ( promoted by John Calhoun)

🍯Privileges and Immunities clause: 

Article 4, Section 2, of the Constitution, this clause prohibits states from discriminating against out-of-staters by denying their rights 

🍯Race-to-the-bottom: 

Where states compete to attract business by lowering taxes, and regulations 

🍯Unfunded mandates:

Federal laws and regulations that were forced on state and local governments without fully compensating for the costs of implementation 

🍯Unitary System: 

A centralized system of government in which the subnational government is dependent on the central government, most or all power is at the central government

🍯Venue Shopping: 

Where interest groups select the level and branch of government they calculate will be more beneficial to their policy goals

🍯Writ of Habeas Corpus: 

A petition that enables someone in custody to petition a judge to determine whether that person's detention is legal 

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